Freshly updated for this second edition with considerable new material, this authoritative introduction to the history of Christian theology covers its development from the beginnings of the Patristic period just decades after Jesus's ministry, through to contemporary theological trends.A substantially updated new edition of this popular textbook exploring the entire history of Christian thought, written by the bestselling author and internationally-renowned theologianFeatures additional coverage of orthodox theology, the Holy Spirit, and medieval mysticism, alongside new sections on liberation, feminist, and Latino theologies, and on the global spread of ChristianityAccessibly structured into four sections covering the Patristic period, the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the reformation and post-reformation eras, and the modern period spanning 1750 to the present day, addressing the key issues and people in eachIncludes case studies and primary readings at the end of each section, alongside comprehensive glossaries of key theologians, developments, and terminologySupported by additional resources available on publication atwww.wiley.com/go/mcgrath
How to Use this Book xii
Introduction 1
The Concept of Theology: A Brief Introduction 1
The Architecture of Theology 4
Biblical studies 5
Systematic theology 6
Philosophical theology 7
Pastoral theology 7
Church history 8
Historical Theology: Its Purpose and Place 8
The development of historical theology 9
Historical theology as a pedagogic tool 11
Historical theology as a critical tool 12
Historical theology as a resource for systematic theology 14
1 The Patristic Period, c.100451 16
A Clarification of Terms 17
Difficulties in Approaching Patristic Theology 17
The Historical Background to Patristic Theology 18
The historical importance of the city of Rome 19
The problem of persecution 19
The conversion of Constantine 20
The development of public theological debate 21
Centers of Theological Reflection 22
Key Theologians 22
Justin Martyr 22
Irenaeus of Lyons 24
Origen 24
Tertullian 24
Athanasius 25
Augustine of Hippo 25
Key Theological Developments 26
The relation of Christian faith and classical culture 26
The extent of the New Testament canon 27
The role of tradition 28
The fixing of the ecumenical creeds 29
The two natures of Jesus Christ 30
The doctrine of the Trinity 32
The doctrine of the church 32
The doctrine of grace 33
Key Names, Words, and Phrases 35
Questions 35
Case Studies 36
1.1 The Bible and tradition 36
1.2 The Arian controversy: The divinity of Christ 41
1.3 The Alexandrian Christological school: The Apollinarian controversy 46
1.4 The Antiochene Christological school: The Nestorian controversy 49
1.5 The Trinity: Early developments and controversies 53
1.6 The church: The Donatist controversy 62
1.7 Grace: The Pelagian controversy 67
1.8 Faith and philosophy 73
2 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, c.5001500 77
On Defining the Middle Ages 78
Medieval Theological Landmarks in Western Europe 80
The Carolingian renaissance 80
The rise of cathedral and monastic schools of theology 80
The religious orders and their schools of theology 82
The founding of the universities 82
Peter Lombard sFour Books of the Sentences83
The Rise of Scholasticism 84
The Italian Renaissance 84
The Rise of Humanism 85
Medieval Theological Landmarks in Eastern Europe 86
The emergence of Byzantine theology 87
The iconoclastic controversy 87
The hesychastic controversy 87
The fall of Constantinople (1453) 88
Key Theologians 88
John of Damascus 88
Simeon the New Theologian 89
Anselm of Canterbury 90
Thomas Aquinas 90
Duns Scotus 91
William of Ockham 92
Erasmus of Rotterdam 92
Key Theological Developments 93
The consolidation of the patristic heritage 93
The exploration of the role of reason in theology 94
The development of theological systems 95
The development of sacramental theology 95
The development of the theology of grace 95
The role of Mary in the scheme of salvation 96
Returning directly to the sources of Christian theology 96
The critique of the Vulgate translation of Scripture 97
Key Names, Words, and Phrases 98
Questions 98
Case Studies 98
2.1 Arguments for the existence of God 98
2.2 Understandings of the atonement 104
2.3 The theology of the sacraments 109
2.4 The interpretation of the Bible 112
2.5 Renaissance humanism and the Bible 115
2.6 Augustinianism and Pelagianism in late medieval theology 118
3 The Reformation and Post-Reformation Periods, 15001750 124
Reformation or Reformations? 125
A Clarification of Terms 126
The German Reformation Lutheranism 127
The Swiss Reformation the Reformed church 128
The radical Reformation Anabaptism 129
The English Reformation Anglicanism 129
The Catholic Reformation 130
Protestant Orthodoxy 131
Post-Reformation Movements 133
The consolidation of Catholicism 133
Puritanism 134
Pietism 135
Key Theologians 136
Martin Luther 136
Huldrych Zwingli 137
John Calvin 137
Teresa of Avilà 138
Teodore Beza 138
Johann Gerhard 138
Roberto Bellarmine 139
Jonathan Edwards 139
Key Theological Developments 139
The sources of theology 140
The doctrine of grace 140
The doctrine of the sacraments 141
The doctrine of the church 141
Developments in Theological Literature 141
Catechisms 142
Confessions of faith 143
Works of systematic theology 144
Key Names, Words, and Phrases 146
Questions 146
Case Studies 146
3.1 Bible and tradition in the Reformation debates 146
3.2 Justification by faith: Protestantism and the Council of Trent 154
3.3 The nature of the real presence: Luther, Zwingli, and the Council of Trent 164
3.4 The debate over infant baptism 167
3.5 The doctrine of the church: Trends within Protestantism 171
3.6 Theology and astronomy: The Copernican and Galileian debates 177
4 The Modern Period, 1750 to the Present Day 182
A Cultural Watershed: The Enlightenment 184
The Enlightenment Critique of Christian Theology 184
The notion of revelation 185
The status and interpretation of the Bible 185
The identity and significance of Jesus Christ 185
The doctrine of the Trinity 186
The critique of miracles 186
The rejection of original sin 187
The problem of evil 187
Romanticism and the Critique of the Enlightenment 187
The Crisis of Faith in Victorian England 189
Postmodernism and a New Theological Agenda 190
Key Theologians 192
F. D. E. Schleiermacher 193
John Henry Newman 193
Karl Barth 193
Paul Tillich 194
Karl Rahner 194
Hans Urs von Balthasar 194
Jürgen Moltmann 195
Wolfh art Pannenberg 195
Some Recent Western Theological Movements and Trends 195
Liberal Protestantism 196
Modernism 198
Neo-orthodoxy 199
Ressourcement , or, la nouvelle théologie 201
Feminism 202
Liberation theology 204
Black theology 206
Postliberalism 207
Radical orthodoxy 209
Key Names, Words, and Phrases 209
Questions 210
Case Studies 210
4.1 The quests of the historical Jesus 210
4.2 The basis and nature of salvation 221
4.3 The debate over the Resurrection 233
4.4 The Trinity in twentieth-century thought 239
4.5 Twentieth-century discussions of the doctrine of the church 245
4.6 Natural theology and the rationality of faith 252
4.7 The feminist critique of traditional Christian theology 256
4.8 Christian approaches to other religions 259
Where Next? 269
Details of Theologians 271
A Glossary of Theological Terms 276
For Further Reading 288
Sources of Citations 292
Index 297
