Inhaltsangabe1 Overview.- 2 Oceanography at the Margin.- 2.1 The Physical, Geological, and Chemical Framework.- 2.1.1 Oceanic Waters.- 2.1.2 Coastal Waters.- 2.1.3 Waves, Tides, and Sea Level.- 2.1.4 Marine Geology and Sedimentation.- 2.1.5 Chemistry of Seawater and Suspended Sediments.- 2.1.6 Stirring and Mixing.- 2.1.7 Bays, Estuaries, and Straits.- 2.2 The Living Sea.- 2.2.1 Ecological Relationships and Trophic Levels.- 2.2.2 Marine Productivity.- 2.2.3 Plankton.- 2.2.4 Nekton.- 2.2.5 Bacteria.- 2.2.6 Benthos.- 2.2.7 Fisheries.- 2.3 Special Topics.- 2.3.1 Public Health Aspects.- 2.3.2 Environmental Toxicity.- 2.3.3 Wave and Current Measurements.- 2.3.4 A Historical Note on Biological Oceanography.- 2.4 References.- 3 Ecological Design.- 3.1 Public Health.- 3.1.1 Marine Recreational Water.- 3.1.2 Shellfish and Finfish.- 3.2 Design for Marine Ecosystems.- 3.2.1 Eutrophication.- 3.2.2 Toxic Wastes.- 3.2.3 Minamata - A Special Case.- 3.2.4 Synthetic Organics.- 3.3 Ocean Dumping.- 3.4 References.- 4 Hydraulic Design.- 4.1 Concepts and Definitions.- 4.2 Qualitative Descriptions of Receiving Waters.- 4.2.1 Coastal Waters.- 4.2.2 Rivers.- 4.2.3 Estuaries.- 4.3 Methods of Analysis for Outfall Siting.- 4.3.1 First Questions.- 4.3.2 Worked Example of Near Field Dilution.- 4.3.3 Field Surveys.- 4.3.4 Numerical Modeling.- 4.3.5 Physical Hydraulic Models.- 4.4 Equations for Estimating Turbulent Diffusion.- 4.5 Comparisons of Results.- 4.6 Outfall and Outlet Location.- 4.6.1 Information Needs.- 4.6.2 Water Quality.- 4.6.3 Worked Example of Outfall Siting.- 4.7 Outlet Design and Initial Dilution.- 4.7.1 Single Open Ends, Rose Diffusers Caps, Multiport Diffusers.- 4.7.2 Initial Dilution for Plumes from Single Round Ports.- 4.7.3 Initial Dilution from a Line Source.- 4.7.4 Initial Dilution from a Line of Port Clusters.- 4.7.5 Quick Estimate of Likelihood of Plume Submergence.- 4.7.6 Diffuser Design.- 4.8 Other Hydraulic Design Considerations.- 4.8.1 Pipe Diameter.- 4.8.2 Thrust at Bends.- 4.8.3 Hydraulic Transients.- 4.8.4 Excess Hydrostatic Head.- 4.8.5 Drop Structures.- 4.8.6 Provision for Pigging.- 4.9 Appendix. A note on Post-Audits.- 4.10 References.- 5 Construction Materials.- 5.1 Pipe Materials.- 5.1.1 Cast Iron.- 5.1.2 Wrought Iron.- 5.1.3 Plastic.- 5.1.4 Reinforced Concrete.- 5.1.5 Coated Steel.- 5.2 Recommended Reading.- 6 On-Bottom Stability.- 6.1 Forces.- 6.1.1 Soil Forces.- 6.1.2 Hydrodynamic Forces.- 6.2 Vertical Stability of Unburied Pipelines.- 6.3 Vertical Stability of Buried Pipelines.- 6.4 Lateral Stability of Unburied Pipelines.- 6.4.1 Density Anchors.- 6.4.2 Mechanical Anchors.- 6.5 Lateral Stability of Buried Pipelines.- 6.6 References.- 7 Stress Analysis.- 7.1 Identifying and Analyzing Stress.- 7.1.1 Stress from Anchors.- 7.1.2 Unsupported Span Analysis.- 7.1.3 Collapse/Buckling Analysis.- 7.2 References.- 8 Corrosion Control.- 8.1 Corrosion Protection for Steel in Seawater.- 8.1.1 Cathodic Protection.- 8.1.2 External Coatings.- 8.1.3 Internal Coatings.- 8.1.4 Recommended Reading.- 9 Ocean Outfall Construction.- 9.1 Practical Limits to Current Construction Practices.- 9.1.1 Selecting a Construction Method.- 9.1.2 Classification of Construction Methods.- 9.1.3 State-of-the-Art Constraints.- 9.2 Construction Methods.- 9.2.1 Bottom Assembly Methods.- 9.2.2 Pipe Laying from a Mobile Jack-up Platform.- 9.2.3 Pipe Laying from a Trestle.- 9.2.4 Pipe Laying from a Floating Crane Barge.- 9.2.5 Surface Assembly from an Offshore Lay Barge.- 9.2.6 Bottom Pull Method.- 9.2.7 Floats and Chain Method.- 9.2.8 On-Bottom Connection of Short Lengths.- 9.2.9 Bottom Pull from Floating Work Platforms.- 9.2.10 Surface Pull (Flotation) Method.- 9.2.11 Remote Assembly Method.- 9.3 Trenching and Backfilling.- 9.3.1 Controlling Factors.- 9.3.2 Trenching Methods.- 9.3.3 Backfilling Methods.- 9.4 Shore Approach.- 9.4.1 Design Considerations.- 9.4.2 Construction Considerations.- 9.5 Tunneling.- 9.5.1 Horizontal Directional Drilling and Microtunneling.- 9.5.2 La

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