Edward Gibbon's allegation at the beginning of his Essay on the Study of Literature (1764) that the history of empires is that of the miseries of humankind whereas the history of the sciences is that of their splendour and happiness has for a long time been accepted by professional scientists and by historians of science alike. For its practitioner, the history of a discipline displayed above all the always difficult but fmally rewarding approach to a truth which was incorporated in the discipline in its actual fonn. Looking back, it was only too easy to distinguish those who erred and heretics in the field from the few forerunners of true science. On the one hand, the traditional history of science was told as a story of hero and hero worship, on the other hand it was, paradoxically enough, the constant attempt to remind the scientist whom he should better forget. It is not surprising at all therefore that the traditional history of science was a field of only minor interest for the practitioner of a distinct scientific diSCipline or specialty and at the same time a hardly challenging task for the professional historian. Nietzsche had already described the historian of science as someone who arrives late after harvest-time: it is somebody who is only a tolerated guest at the thanksgiving dinner of the scientific community.

InhaltsangabeI The Natural Sciences.- On the Relation of Physical Science to History in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany.- Re-Reading the Past from the End of Physics: Maxwell's Equations in Retrospect.- A Founder Myth in the History of Sciences? - The Lavoisier Case.- Redefinitions of a Discipline: Histories of Geology and Geological History.- The Role of Medical History in the History of Medicine in Germany.- II The Social Sciences.- On Merton's "History" and "Systematics" of Sociological Theory.- The Self-Presentation of a Discipline: History of Psychology in the United States between Pedagogy and Scholarship.- The Uses of History for the Shaping of a Field: Observations on German Psychology.- Cultural Anthropology and the Paradigm-Concept: A Brief History of their Recent Convergence.- III The Humanities.- On the Relation of Disciplinary Development and Historical Self-Presentation - the Case of Classical Philology since the End of the Eighteenth Century.- Epilogue.- Name Index.