Inhaltsangabe1 Principles and Methods Used in Yeast Classification, and an Overview of Currently Accepted Yeast Genera.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Some Principles of Yeast Taxonomy.- 3 Trends in the Systematics of Yeasts.- 4 Phylogeny.- 5 Methods.- 5.1 Morphology.- 5.1.1 Vegetative Morphology.- 5.1.2 Generative Morphology.- 5.2 Physiological Characterization of Yeasts.- 5.2.1 Fermentation Tests.- 5.2.2 Assimilation Tests.- 5.2.3 Vitamin Requirements.- 5.2.4 Other Tests.- 5.3 Mating.- 5.3.1 Ascomycetes.- 5.3.2 Basidiomycetes.- 5.4 Nuclear Staining.- 5.4.1 Staining Nuclei Using DAPI.- 5.4.2 Staining Nuclei with Propidium Iodide.- 5.4.3 Staining Nuclei with Mithramycin and Ethidium Bromide.- 5.4.4 Staining Nuclei with Giemsa.- 5.5 DNA.- 5.5.1 Isolation.- 5.5.2 Analysis of Base Composition.- 5.5.3 Hybridization of Nuclear DNA.- 5.5.4 Amplification of Yeast DNA Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).- 5.5.5 Electrophoretic Karyotyping.- 6 Overview of Yeast Genera.- 6.1 Teleomorphic Ascomycetous Genera.- 6.2 Anamorphic Ascomycetous Genera.- 6.3 Teleomorphic Heterobasidiomycetous Genera.- 6.4 Anamorphic Heterobasidiomycetous Genera.- 7 Appendix.- 7.1 Media.- 7.2 Recipes of Some Media.- 7.3 Culture Collections.- References.- 2 Protoplast Fusion of Yeasts.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Transfer of Cytoplasmic Genes.- 3 Production of Polyploid Strains.- 4 Fusion of Strains with Identical Mating Type.- 5 Establishment of Parasexual Genetic Systems.- 6 Fusion of Strains Belonging to Different Species or Genera.- 7 Practical Recommendations.- 8 Analysis of the Fusants.- 8.1 Preparation of Protoplasts.- 8.2 Fusion of Protoplasts.- 9 Additional Protocols.- 9.1 Alginate Encapsulation of Protoplasts.- 9.2 Induction of Haploidization or Mitotic Segregation by p-Fluoro-Phenylalanine.- 9.3 Staining of Cells Prior to Protoplasting.- 10 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Electrophoretic Karyotyping of Yeasts.- 1 Introduction and Theory.- 2 Fields of Application.- 2.1 Yeast Taxonomy.- 2.2 Study of Chromosome Polymorphisms.- 2.3 Typing of Yeast Strains.- 2.4 Genome Mapping.- 2.5 Characterization of Hybrids.- 2.6 Probe Preparation and Transformation.- 2.7 Miscellaneous.- 3 Practical Recommendations.- 3.1 Sample Preparation.- 3.1.1 Procedure A: Protoplast Formation by Zymolyase.- 3.1.2 Procedure B: Protoplast Formation by Novozym.- 3.1.3 Markers.- 3.2 Electrophoresis Apparatus.- 3.3 Electrophoresis Conditions.- 3.4 Blotting of the Gels.- References.- 4 Schwanniomyces occidentalis.- 1 History of Schwanniomyces occidentalis Research.- 2 Physiology.- 3 Media.- 4 Available Strains.- 5 Genetic Techniques.- 5.1 Description and Life Cycle.- 5.2 Strain Construction.- 5.3 Mutagenesis.- 5.4 Transformation.- 5.5 Gene Disruptions and Deletions.- 6 Chromosomal DNA.- 7 Genes and Genetic Markers.- 8 Vector Systems.- 9 Heterologous Gene Expression.- 10 The Amylolytic System.- 11 Industrial Applications.- References.- 5 Kluyveromyces lactis.- 1 History of Kluyveromyces lactis Research.- 2 Physiology.- 3 Growth Media.- 4 Available Strains.- 5 Genetic Techniques.- 5.1 Life Cycle.- 5.2 Sexual Crosses and Tetrad Analysis.- 5.3 Mutagenesis.- 6 Chromosomal DNA.- 6.1 Chromosomal DNAs and Genome Size.- 6.2 Chromosome Separation by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis.- 7 Genes and Genetic Markers.- 8 K. lactis Genes vs. S. cerevisiae Genes.- 8.1 Sequence Homology of Gene Products.- 8.2 Codon Usage.- 9 Regulation of Carbon Metabolism.- 9.1 Lactose and Galactose Metabolism.- 9.2 Glucose Repression of Lactose/Galactose Metabolism.- 9.3 Regulation of Fermentation and Respiration.- 10 Mitochondria.- 10.1 Mitochondrial Mutations.- 10.2 Mitochondrial DNA.- 11 A Few Notes on Biochemical Procedures.- 11.1 Cell Mass Determination.- 11.2 Cell Extracts for Preparation of Nucleic Acids.- 11.2.1 Nucleic Acids Prepared from Spheroplasts.- 11.2.2 Nucleic Acids Prepared by Mechanical Extraction.- 11.3 Small-Scale Preparation of DNA.- 11.4 Large-Scale Preparation of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA.- 11.5 Cell Disruption for Enzym

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